Global minimum energies of Lennard-Jones clusters
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Numbers
$n$ 
$E_n/\epsilon$
2:
-1
comment: $E_2=-1$. Optimality follows from the pair potential lower bound.
3:
-3
comment: $E_3=-3$. Optimality follows from the pair potential lower bound.
4:
-6
comment: $E_4=-6$. Optimality follows from the pair potential lower bound.
5:
-9.103852
comment: The CCD lists point group $D_{3h}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
6:
-12.712062
comment: The CCD lists point group $O_h$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
7:
-16.505384
comment: The CCD lists point group $D_{5h}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
8:
-19.821489
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
9:
-24.113360
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
10:
-28.422532
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
11:
-32.765970
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
12:
-37.967600
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
13:
-44.326801
comment: The CCD lists point group $I_h$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
14:
-47.845157
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
15:
-52.322627
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
16:
-56.815742
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
17:
-61.317995
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_2$ and first reference Freeman. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
18:
-66.530949
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
19:
-72.659782
comment: The CCD lists point group $D_{5h}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
20:
-77.177043
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
21:
-81.684571
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
22:
-86.809782
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
23:
-92.844472
comment: The CCD lists point group $D_{3h}$ and first reference Farges. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
24:
-97.348815
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Wille. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
25:
-102.372663
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
26:
-108.315616
comment: The CCD lists point group $T_d$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
27:
-112.873584
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
28:
-117.822402
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
29:
-123.587371
comment: The CCD lists point group $D_{3h}$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
30:
-128.286571
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
31:
-133.586422
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
32:
-139.635524
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
33:
-144.842719
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
34:
-150.044528
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
35:
-155.756643
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
36:
-161.825363
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
37:
-167.033672
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
38:
-173.928427
comment: The CCD lists point group $O_h$ and first reference Gomez/Pillardy/Doye1. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
39:
-180.033185
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
40:
-185.249839
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
41:
-190.536277
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
42:
-196.277534
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
43:
-202.364664
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
44:
-207.688728
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
45:
-213.784862
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
46:
-220.680330
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
47:
-226.012256
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
48:
-232.199529
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
49:
-239.091864
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
50:
-244.549926
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
51:
-251.253964
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
52:
-258.229991
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
53:
-265.203016
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
54:
-272.208631
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
55:
-279.248470
comment: The CCD lists point group $I_h$ and first reference Hoare. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
56:
-283.643105
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
57:
-288.342625
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
58:
-294.378148
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
59:
-299.738070
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
60:
-305.875476
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
61:
-312.008896
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
62:
-317.353901
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
63:
-323.489734
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
64:
-329.620147
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
65:
-334.971532
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_2$ and first reference Xue. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
66:
-341.110599
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Coleman/Xue. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
67:
-347.252007
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
68:
-353.394542
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
69:
-359.882566
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Wales/Barron/Leary1. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
70:
-366.892251
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
71:
-373.349661
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
72:
-378.637253
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Coleman. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
73:
-384.789377
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
74:
-390.908500
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
75:
-397.492331
comment: The CCD lists point group $D_{5h}$ and first reference Doye1. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
76:
-402.894866
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Doye1. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
77:
-409.083517
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Doye1. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
78:
-414.794401
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Wales/Barron/Leary1. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
79:
-421.810897
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
80:
-428.083564
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
81:
-434.343643
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
82:
-440.550425
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
83:
-446.924094
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
84:
-452.657214
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
85:
-459.055799
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
86:
-465.384493
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
87:
-472.098165
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
88:
-479.032630
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Deaven. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
89:
-486.053911
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
90:
-492.433908
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
91:
-498.811060
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
92:
-505.185309
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
93:
-510.877688
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
94:
-517.264131
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
95:
-523.640211
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
96:
-529.879146
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
97:
-536.681383
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
98:
-543.665361
comment: The CCD lists point group $T_d$ and first reference Leary2. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
99:
-550.666526
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
100:
-557.039820
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
101:
-563.411308
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
102:
-569.363652
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Doye2. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
103:
-575.766131
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Doye2. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
104:
-582.086642
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Doye2. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
105:
-588.266501
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
106:
-595.061072
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
107:
-602.007110
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Wales/Barron/Leary1. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
108:
-609.033011
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
109:
-615.411166
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
110:
-621.788224
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
111:
-628.068416
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
112:
-634.874626
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
113:
-641.794704
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Barron/Leary1. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
114:
-648.833100
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
115:
-655.756307
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Barron/Leary1. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
116:
-662.809353
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
117:
-668.282701
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
118:
-674.769635
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
119:
-681.419158
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
120:
-687.021982
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
121:
-693.819577
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
122:
-700.939379
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
123:
-707.802109
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
124:
-714.920896
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
125:
-721.303235
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
126:
-727.349853
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
127:
-734.479629
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
128:
-741.332100
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
129:
-748.460647
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
130:
-755.271073
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
131:
-762.441558
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
132:
-768.042203
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_1$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
133:
-775.023203
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
134:
-782.206157
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Xue. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
135:
-790.278120
comment: The CCD lists point group $I_h$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
136:
-797.453259
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
137:
-804.631473
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
138:
-811.812780
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
139:
-818.993848
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
140:
-826.174676
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
141:
-833.358586
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
142:
-840.538610
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
143:
-847.721698
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
144:
-854.904499
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
145:
-862.087012
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{2v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
146:
-869.272573
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{5v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
147:
-876.461207
comment: The CCD lists point group $I_h$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
148:
-881.072971
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
149:
-886.693405
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_s$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
150:
-893.310258
comment: The CCD lists point group $C_{3v}$ and first reference Northby. A proof of global optimality is not cited in the source table.
Definition
For each integer $n\geq2$, $E_n$ is the minimum Lennard-Jones potential energy of an $n$-atom cluster in $\mathbb{R}^3$, in units of the pair well depth $\epsilon$ and with length measured in units of $\sigma$.
Parameters
$n$
—   number of atoms ($n\geq2$)
Formulas
(1)
$E_n=\min_{x_1,\ldots,x_n\in\mathbb{R}^3}\sum_{1\leq i<j\leq n} 4\left((\sigma/\|x_i-x_j\|)^{12}-(\sigma/\|x_i-x_j\|)^6\right)$.
(2)
For $n=2,3,4$, $E_n=-\binom{n}{2}$.
Comments
(3)
The Cambridge Cluster Database table [2] and coordinate archive [3] were read on 2026-09-23. The table page gives global minima of $LJ_N$ for $N$ through $150$, with energies in units of the pair well depth. Its HTTP Last-Modified date was 2018-02-26, and the coordinate archive's was 1999-12-13.
(4)
The coordinate files use length unit $\sigma$. With the potential in (1), one pair has energy $-1$ at distance $2^{1/6}\sigma$.
(5)
Optimality is proven here for $n=2,3,4$ by the pairwise lower bound $E_n\geq-\binom{n}{2}$, attained by a simplex with every pair at distance $2^{1/6}\sigma$. For $n\geq5$, this table records the Cambridge Cluster Database published optimisation results and does not cite a proof of global optimality.
Programs
(P1)
Python
from itertools import combinations

def lennard_jones_energy(points):
    total = 0.0
    for a, b in combinations(points, 2):
        r2 = sum((ai - bi) ** 2 for ai, bi in zip(a, b))
        inv6 = r2 ** -3
        total += 4 * (inv6 * inv6 - inv6)
    return total
Links
Similar tables
Best known packings of equal circles in a circle —   another finite extremal-configuration table, storing best known geometric arrangements by the number of objects
Data properties
Entries are of type: real number
How well the digits are known: heuristic (agreement-checked)
Table is complete: no (it holds the global-minimum rows $2\leq n\leq150$ from the Cambridge Cluster Database table read on 2026-09-23)
How they were obtained:

The values for $n=2,3,4$ are exact by (2). The remaining values are transcribed from the Cambridge Cluster Database table [2] at the six decimal places printed by the source.

more

The generator recomputes the Lennard-Jones energy in (1) from the source coordinate archive [3] for every $3\leq n\leq150$ and checks that every recomputed coordinate energy is within $5\cdot10^{-6}$ of the printed value. It also checks that 125 of the 148 coordinate rows agree to the printed sixth decimal; among the others, the largest discrepancy from the printed value is less than $1.34\cdot10^{-6}$, caused by the rounded coordinates published in the archive.